Guide

To review a peer-reviewed article, skim the question and claim, map the design, judge methods and stats, then decide if the conclusions fit the data.

To avoid plagiarism in a literature review, keep clean notes, paraphrase from memory, quote when needed, and cite every borrowed idea with the correct style.

To check doctor reviews, compare ratings across multiple sites, confirm licenses on DocInfo, and scan comments for patterns, not one-offs.

To assess bias in systematic reviews, select a review-level tool, rate each domain with cited evidence, and show how any bias could sway the results.

To assess publication bias in systematic reviews, combine planned searches, small-study diagnostics, and ROB-ME judgments to gauge missing results.

To cite a literature review in APA, format the entry by source (journal, chapter, thesis), use author–date in text, and add a DOI or URL if available.

To avoid bias in a literature review, set a protocol, search widely, screen in pairs, log decisions, and use standard risk-of-bias tools.

Risk of bias in systematic reviews is rated by domain using tools like RoB 2 or ROBINS-I, with duplicate reviewers, preset rules, and transparent notes.

Assess heterogeneity in systematic reviews by checking clinical/method differences, quantifying spread (Q, I², τ²), and using planned subgroups.

To analyze systematic review data, set outcomes, extract effect sizes, check bias, pick a model, test heterogeneity, grade certainty.